n in, 22;
surplus of, following Civil War, 101.

Utah, working-women in, 110.

Vacations of working-women in Massachusetts, 117.

Value of laborer's service to employer, elements of, 14.

Vapors, dangers of, in manufacture, 214.

Vegetables, cultivation of, by women, 263.

Vermont, working-women in, 110.

Vincent, Madame, 165.

Villerme, 169, 176.

Wage rates, present, in United States, 126.

Wages, why men receive more than women, 14, 21;
effect of industrial efficiency on, 14;
iron law of, 15;
effort to make standard of life conform to, 15;
tendency to a minimum, 16;
Adam Smith for causes of difference in, 16;
in stores, 259;
final effect of woman's work on, 270;
not fixed, 35;
field, 58;
eighteenth-century, 62;
in France, 161;
in Russia, 181;
New York, 129;
decrease in, 226;
in clothing, 130;
in Connecticut, 133;
in Italy, 181;
in California, 134;
Colorado, 135;
Iowa, 136;
Kansas, 136;
Maine, 134;
Minnesota, 135;
Michigan, 138;
Rhode Island, 134;
average, per State, 141;
average, for all cities, 141;
average, by cities, 139;
definition of, 127.

Wages question the question of the day, 7.

Wales, women in industries in, 160.

Walker, Gen. F.A., on differences in efficiency, 14;
difficulties of census enumeration, 104.

Ward, Lester F., 26.

Wealth, ratio of increase greater than that of population, 8;
greater aggregation of, in the United States than in Great Britain, 9.

Weavers of Baltimore, 81.

Weaving, colonial, 60.

West Virginia, working-women in, 110.

Widows, proportion of, among other workers, 118.

Windows, nailing down of, 62.

Wisconsin, average wage in, 141;
working-women in, 110.

Wives' earnings, 113.

Woman, primeval, 27;
Roman, 36;
property of, 52;
petition of, in France, 55;
International Council of, 79.

Women-workers, percentage of, in Philadelphia, Pittsburg, New York,
Lowell, Manchester, Wilmington, Del., 108, 109;
according to States, 110;
of Boston, 114, 116;
industries open to, in large cities, 124;
development of her intelligence necessary, 251;
in German mines, 11;
why their wages are less than men's, 14;
their trades highly localized, 19;
entrance into trades barred by men, 20;
increase of, in the United States, 98;
total numbers of, in the United States, in 1860, 103;
in 1870, 105;
in 1880, 105;
occupations according