be
false, the Kantian law states that a particular kind of proposition is
_in itself_ necessarily false. On the other hand there is a real
connexion between the two laws. The denial of the statement "A is not-A"
presupposes some knowledge of what A is, _i.e._ the statement A is A. In
other words a judgment about A is implied. Kant's analytical
propositions depend on presupposed concepts which are the same for all
people. His statement, regarded as a logical principle purely and apart
from material facts, does not therefore amount to more than that of
Aristotle, which deals simply with the significance of negation.

See text-books of Logic, _e.g._ C. Sigwart's _Logic_ (trans. Helen
Dendy, London, 1895), vol. i. pp. 142 foll.; for the various
expressions of the law see Ueberweg's _Logik_, Sec. 77; also J. S. Mill,
_Examination of Hamilton_, 471; Venn, _Empirical Logic_.

CONTRAFAGOTTO, DOUBLE BASSOON or _Contrabassoon_ (Fr. _contrebasson_;
Ger. _Kontrafagott_), a wood-wind instrument of the double reed family,
which it completes as grand bass, the other members being the oboe, cor
anglais, and bassoon. The contrafagotto corresponds to the double bass
in strings, to the contrabass tuba in the brass wind, and to the pedal
clarinet in the single reed wood wind.

[Illustration: FIG. 1.--Contrafagotto, German model (Wilhelm Heckel).

From Capt. C. R. Day's _Cat. of Mus. Inst._ by permission of Fyre &
Spottiswoode.]

[Illustration: FIG. 2.--Contrafagotto, Haseneier-Morton model.]

There are at the present day three distinct makes of contrafagotto. (1)
The modern German (fig. 1) is founded on the older models, resembling
the bassoon, the best-known being Heckel's of Biebrich-am-Rhein, used at
Bayreuth and in many German orchestras. In this model the
characteristics of the bassoon are preserved, and the tone is of true
fagotto quality extended in its lower register. The Heckel contrafagotto
consists of a wooden tube 16 ft. 4 in. long with a conical bore, and
doubled back four times upon itself to make it less unwieldy. It is thus
about the same length as the bassoon and terminates in a bell 4 in. in
diameter pointing downwards. The crook consists of a small brass tube
about 2 ft. long, having a very narrow bore, to which is bound the
double-reed mouthpiece. (2) The modern English double bassoon is one
designed by Dr W. H. Stone, and made under his superintendence by
Haseneier of Coblenz. It is stated t