s 4 pounds
Meadow fescue 1 to 4 pounds
Orchard grass 1 to 4 pounds
Red clover 6 pounds
Alsike clover 3 pounds
White clover 1 to 2 pounds

For poor lands it recommends this mixture:

Timothy 8 to 12 pounds
Red-top 4 pounds
Canadian blue-grass 4 pounds
Red clover 6 pounds
Alsike clover 3 pounds
White clover 1 pound

Zinn, of West Virginia, recommends the following mixture for permanent
pasture:

Timothy 4 pounds
Red-top 4 pounds
Orchard grass 4 pounds
Kentucky blue-grass 7 pounds
Red clover 2 pounds
Alsike clover 2 pounds
White clover 1 pound

Renewal of Permanent Pastures.--There is much pasture land that could
not be broken with profit for reseeding. There is neither time, nor
money, nor opportunity at the owner's hand for this purpose, and often
the loss of soil resulting from washing would be a bar if the labor
would cost nothing. The renewal of such grass lands can be made with
profit if pernicious weeds are not in the way. Plant-food, lime, and
grass seed are wanted. A disk or sharp spike-tooth harrow, used in
early spring or after an August rain, will give some fresh earth for
covering the seeds. A complete fertilizer always is needed. The clovers
should go into the seed-mixture used.

[Illustration: Sheep on a New York farm.]

Destroying Bushes.--The absence of sheep is evident in the appearance
of the greater area of permanent pasture in the mountainous regions of
the eastern states. Bushes, briers, and other weeds must be destroyed
if pasture land would be kept in a profitable state, and only the sheep
or the goat is the fully efficient aid of man in caring for such land.
The presence of dogs makes the tariff on wool, or lack of it, a minor
matter. The cost to the country, in indirect effect upon pastures only,
due to unrestrained dogs, is incalculable. The maintenance of good sods
without sheep is a problem without solution in some regions.

Close Grazing.--Much harm results from turning livestock on pastures
too early in the spring. The ground is kept soft by spring rains, and
the hoofs cut the turf. The grass needs its first leaves to enable it
to make rapid growth, and the first grass of spring is not nutritious.

Close grazing is har