(solvent).
{Denitrating chemicals.

{(a) Nitrating and preparing collodion. Denitrating
{ and bleaching.
Labour {(b) Textile operations. Spinning. Winding and twisting.
{Rewinding.

Power {Making, filtering, and distributing collodion.
{Driving textile machinery.

Added to which are the costs of expert management and supervision and
general establishment expenses. It is evident that raw materials make up
a large fraction of the total cost; also that a very large item is the
waste work of converting the cellulose into nitrate, only to remove the
nitric groups so soon as the cellulose is obtained as thread.

It is clear that the aqueous solutions of cellulose have a double
advantage in this respect--not only do they readily yield an
approximately pure cellulose as a direct product of regeneration or
decomposition, but the first cost of the solution is very much less.
With these newer products, therefore, the spinning problem enters on a
new phase of struggle. It is certain that at selling prices at or about
5s. to 7s., very large markets will be open to the product or
products. The two processes which are or may be able to fulfil this
demand are those based (1) on cuprammonium solutions of cellulose, (2)
on the sulphocarbonate or viscose. As regards _first cost_ of the
solution the latter has a large advantage. One ton of wood pulp (at
12l.) can certainly be obtained in solution in a condition ready for
spinning at a total cost (materials) of less than 30l. The
cuprammonium process, so far as 'outside' information goes, requires for
production of the solution (1) cotton as raw material, (2) ammonia
(calc. as concentrated aqueous) equal to 1-1/2 times its weight, and
(3) metallic copper 25 p.ct. of its weight; and the costs are
approximately 100l. per ton. It is obvious that the materials are
recoverable from the precipitating-bath, but at a certain added cost. We
have no statements as to the proportion recoverable nor the costs
incurred, and we are therefore unable to measure the total net cost of
the regenerated cellulose by this process. It is certainly much less
than by the collodion processes. As to the textile quality of the
thread, the product has not yet been on a sufficiently wide selling
basis for that to have been determined. There are a great many factors
which enter here. Not merely the