rx, who based upon Ricardo's "iron law" of wages
the imposing edifice of _Das Kapital_, for long the gospel of advanced
socialism. The brilliant Ferdinand Lassalle introduced its principles
into German politics, and the most recent stages of German socialism
have been controlled by the opportunism of E. Bernstein, while among
its most prominent leaders have been V. Adler and Paul Singer.

_The Struggle for Political Emancipation_

THIS participation of Jewish intellect and sympathies with the Liberal
current in European politics made Jewish emancipation a part of the
Liberal creed throughout Europe. Jews were fighting for themselves in
fighting for the general liberties, and their position in the
forefront of the struggle was thus justified by the representative
principle at the root of modern Liberalism. Jewish disabilities were
the last stronghold of the old Church-State conception, and the
struggle on the side of the Reaction to retain this fundamental
principle was the more intense. If Jews were granted full civil and
political rights it could no longer be contended that Christianity was
a fundamental principle of the State (or, as the English _obiter
dictum_ put it, "Christianity is a parcel of the common law"). Hence
the extreme violence of the defense which seems, at first sight, out
of all proportion to the interests or numbers involved. Thus the
struggle was as embittered in Switzerland as anywhere, though the Jews
there only constituted a handful, and the traditions of the country
were in favor of toleration.

From this aspect the fight in England is typical. As soon as the
Catholics had obtained emancipation in 1828 (the Jews had stood aside
in order not to complicate the question), Jewish emancipation became
part of the Liberal creed, and the struggle was waged in Parliament,
or rather in the House of Lords, for the ensuing thirty years. England
was the home of toleration, and her Toleration Act, passed as early as
1689, formed the third stage in the European progress towards
religious liberty. Yet the more conservative elements in English life
fought against the removal of Jewish disabilities because it meant the
visible proof of the secularization of English politics. It is perhaps
characteristic that the Tory resistance was mainly broken down by
Disraeli, of Jewish, and by Lord George Bentinck, of Dutch, descent.

_The High Tide of Liberalism_

WITH Jewish emancipation in England Liberalism reach