When we read them, we perceive that that quality was
substantially independent of the classical revival; though the
influences of antique literature were eagerly seized upon as useful
means for strengthening and giving tone to an already potent revolt of
nature against hypocritical and palsy-stricken forms of spiritual
despotism.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 35: _Golias de Conjuge non ducenda_, Wright's _Mapes_, p.
77.]

APPENDIX.

NOTE ON THE "ORDO VAGORUM" AND THE "ARCHIPOETA."

_See Section vii. pp. 16-23, above._

It seems desirable that I should enlarge upon some topics which I
treated somewhat summarily in Section vii. I assumed that the
Wandering Scholars regarded themselves as a kind of Guild or Order;
and for this assumption the Songs Nos. 1, 2, 3, translated in Section
xiii. are a sufficient warrant. Yet the case might be considerably
strengthened. In the _Sequentia falsi evangelii secundum marcam
argenti_[36] we read of the _Gens Lusorum_ or Tribe of Gamesters,
which corresponds to the _Secta Decii_,[37] the _Ordo Vagorum_, and
the _Familia Goliae_. Again, in Wright's _Walter Mapes_[38] there is
an epistle written from England by one Richardus Goliardus to _Omnibus
in Gallia Goliae discipulis_, introducing a friend, asking for
information _ordo vester qualis est_, and giving for the reason of
this request _ne magis in ordine indiscrete vivam_. He addresses his
French comrades as _pueri Goliae_, and winds up with good wishes for
the _socios sanctae confratriae_. Proofs might be multiplied that the
Wandering Students in Germany also regarded themselves as a
confraternity, with special rules and ordinances. Of this, the curious
parody of an episcopal letter, issued in 1209 by _Surianus, Praesul et
Archiprimas_, to the _vagi clerici_ of Austria, Styria, Bavaria, and
Moravia is a notable example.[39]

I have treated Golias as the eponymous hero of this tribe, the chief
of this confraternity. But it ought to be said that the name Golias
occurs principally in English MSS., where the Goliardic poems are
ascribed to _Golias Episcopus._ Elsewhere the same personage is spoken
of as _Primas_, which is a title of dignity applying to a prelate with
jurisdiction superior even to that of an archbishop. Grimm[40] quotes
this phrase from a German chronicle: _Primas vagus multos versus
edidit magistrates_. In the _Sequentia falsi evangelii_[41] we find
twice repeated _Primas autem qui dicitur vilissimus_. The Venet