selection--General laws of animal coloration--Concluding remarks
CHAPTER XI
THE SPECIAL COLOURS OF PLANTS: THEIR ORIGIN AND PURPOSE
The general colour relations of plants--Colours of fruits--The
meaning of nuts--Edible or attractive fruits--The colours of
flowers--Modes of securing cross-fertilisation--The
interpretation of the facts--Summary of additional facts
bearing on insect fertilisation--Fertilisation of flowers by
birds--Self-fertilisation of flowers--Difficulties and
contradictions--Intercrossing not necessarily
advantageous--Supposed evil results of close interbreeding--How
the struggle for existence acts among flowers--Flowers the
product of insect agency--Concluding remarks on colour in nature
CHAPTER XII
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANISMS
The facts to be explained--The conditions which have determined
distribution--The permanence of oceans--Oceanic and continental
areas--Madagascar and New Zealand--The teachings of the
thousand-fathom line--The distribution of marsupials--The
distribution of tapirs--Powers of dispersal as illustrated by
insular organisms--Birds and insects at sea--Insects at great
altitudes--The dispersal of plants--Dispersal of seeds by the
wind--Mineral matter carried by the wind--Objections to the
theory of wind-dispersal answered--Explanation of north
temperate plants in the southern hemisphere--No proof of
glaciation in the tropics--Lower temperature not needed to
explain the facts--Concluding remarks
CHAPTER XIII
THE GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION
What we may expect--The number of known species of extinct
animals--Causes of the imperfection of the geological
record--Geological evidences of
evolution--Shells--Crocodiles--The rhinoceros tribe--The
pedigree of the horse tribe--Development of deer's horns--Brain
development--Local relations of fossil and living animals--Cause
of extinction of large animals--Indications of general progress
in plants and animals--The progressive development of
plants--Possible cause of sudden late appearance of
exogens--Geological distribution of insects--Geological
succession of vertebrata--Concluding remarks
CHAPTER XIV
FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS IN RELATION TO VARIATION AND HEREDITY
Fundamental difficulties and objections--Mr. Herbert Spencer's
factors of or
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