stage of this
work. He also wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. Edwin E.
Witte, Director of the Wisconsin State Legislative Reference Library,
upon whose extensive and still unpublished researches he based his
summary of the history of the injunction; and to Professor Frederick L.
Paxson, who subjected the manuscript to criticism from the point of view
of General American History.

S.P.

FOOTNOTE:

[1] See his _Labor and Administration_, Chapter XIV (Macmillan, 1913).

CONTENTS

PAGE

PREFACE v

PART I. THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL

CHAPTER

1 LABOR MOVEMENTS BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR

(1) Early Beginnings, to 1827 8
(2) Equal Citizenship, 1827-1832 9
(3) The Period of the "Wild-Cat" Prosperity,
1833-1837 18
(4) The Long Depression, 1837-1862 29

2 THE "GREENBACK" PERIOD, 1862-1879 42

3 THE BEGINNING OF THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR AND OF
THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR 68

4 REVIVAL AND UPHEAVAL, 1879-1887 81

5 THE VICTORY OF CRAFT UNIONISM AND THE FINAL
FAILURE OF PRODUCERS' COOPERATION 106

6 STABILIZATION, 1888-1897 130

7 TRADE UNIONISM AND THE COURTS 146

PART II. THE LARGER CAREER OF UNIONISM

8 PARTIAL RECOGNITION AND NEW DIFFICULTIES,
1898-1914 163

(1) The Miners 167
(2) The Railway Men 180
(3) The Machinery and Metal Trades 186
(4) The Employers' Reaction 190
(5) Legislation, Courts, and Politics 198

9 RADICAL UNIONISM AND A "COUNTER-REFORMATION" 208

10 THE WAR-TIME BALANCE SHEET 226

11 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 245

PART III. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES

12 AN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION 265

13 THE IDEALISTIC FACTOR 279

14 WHY THERE IS NOT AN AMERICAN LABOR PARTY 285

15 THE DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT AND
TRADE UNIONISM 295

BIBLIOGRAPHY 307

PART I

THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL

HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONISM IN THE U.S.

CHAPTER 1

LABOR MOVEMENTS BEFORE T