ent, was uppermost." Confederates and Confederate sympathizers
in Maryland, West Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky, were disfranchised.
In West Virginia, Tennessee, and Missouri, "war trespass" suits were
brought against returning Confederates for military acts done in
war time. In Missouri and West Virginia, strict test oaths excluded
Confederates from office, from the polls, and from the professions of
teaching, preaching, and law. On the other hand in central and western
Kentucky, the predominant Unionist population, themselves suffering
through the abolition of slavery, and by the objectionable operations
of the Freedmen's Bureau and the unwise military administration,
showed more sympathy for the Confederates, welcomed them home, and soon
relieved them of all restrictions.

Still another element of discord was added by the Northerners who came
to exploit the South. Many mustered-out soldiers proposed to stay.
Speculators of all kinds followed the withdrawing Confederate lines and
with the conclusion of peace spread through the country, but they
were not cordially received. With the better class, the Southerners,
especially the soldiers, associated freely if seldom intimately. But the
conduct of a few of their number who considered that the war had opened
all doors to them, who very freely expressed their views, gave advice,
condemned old customs, and were generally offensive, did much to bring
all Northerners into disrepute. Tactlessly critical letters published in
Northern papers did not add to their popularity. The few Northern women
felt the ostracism more keenly than did the men. Benjamin C. Truman, an
agent of President Johnson, thus summed up the situation: "There is a
prevalent disposition not to associate too freely with Northern men
or to receive them into the circles of society; but it is far from
unsurmountable. Over Southern society, as over every other, woman reigns
supreme, and they are more embittered against those whom they deem
the authors of all their calamities than are their brothers, sons,
and husbands." But, of the thousands of Northern men who overcame the
reluctance of the Southerners to social intercourse, little was heard.
Many a Southern planter secured a Northern partner or sold him half his
plantation to get money to run the other half. For the irritations of
1865, each party must take its share of responsibility.

Had the South assisted in a skillful and adequate publicity, much
disas