tamped." American manufactories specializing in pharmaceutical
glassware continued to offer the various English patent medicine
bottles until the close of the century.[112]

[109] James Harvey Young, "Patent medicines: the early
post-frontier phase," _Journal of the Illinois State Historical
Society_, Autumn 1953, vol. 46, pp. 254-264.

[110] Cody and Johnson Drug Co., _op. cit._ (footnote 97).

[111] Van Schaack, Stevenson & Reid, _Annual prices current_,
Chicago, 1875; Morrison, Plummer & Co., _Price current of drugs,
chemicals, oils, glassware, patent medicines, druggists sundries
..._, Chicago, 1880.

[112] Hagerty Bros. & Co., _Catalogue of Druggists' glassware,
sundries, fancy goods, etc._, New York, 1879; Whitall, Tatum &
Co., _Annual price list_, Millville, New Jersey, 1898.

[Illustration: Figure 13.--OPODELDOC BOTTLE from the collection of Mrs.
Leo F. Redden, Kenmore, New York. (_Smithsonian photo 44201-E._)]

In a thesaurus published in 1899, Godfrey's, Bateman's, Turlington's,
and other of the old English patent remedies were termed "extinct
patents."[113] The adjective referred to the status of the patent, not
the condition of the medicines. If less prominent than in the olden
days, the medicines were still alive. The first edition of the
_National Formulary_, published in 1888, had cited the old English
names as synonyms for official preparations in four cases, Dalby's,
Bateman's, Godfrey's and Turlington's.

[113] Emil Hiss, _Thesaurus of proprietary preparations and
pharmaceutical specialties_, Chicago, 1899, p. 12.

[Illustration: Figure 14.--OPODELDOC BOTTLE as illustrated in the 1879
Catalog of Hagerty Bros., New York City, New York.]

Thus as the present century opened, the old English patent medicines
were still being sold. City druggists were dispensing them over their
counters, and the peddler's wagon carried them to remote rural
regions.[114] But the medical scene was changing rapidly. Improvements
in medical science, stemming in part from the establishment of the germ
theory of disease, were providing a better yardstick against which to
measure the therapeutic efficiency of proprietary remedies. Medical
ethics were likewise advancing, and the occasional critic among the
ranks of physicians was being joined by scores of his fellow
practitioners in lambasting the brazen effrontery of the hundreds of
American cu