he most southern city on the
river, this was so effective that it alone was a white spot in the
long, black line when the election returns came in. Each of the
eleven Congressional districts had an organizer in charge from January
until election day. In every one of the ninety counties there was
organization. Nine-tenths of them opened headquarters from one to
three months before the end of the campaign and 2,000 precinct workers
were enrolled. The whole State was covered by auto-trips in the last
month. Approximately 5,000,000 pieces of literature were distributed,
much of it especially printed to meet local needs and the false
statements circulated by the opposition. One cent postage for one
circularization of the voters of Iowa cost $5,000.

As suffragists throughout the nation gave their help, so the opponents
outside the State tried to defeat the amendment. The women's National
Association Opposed to the Further Extension of Suffrage sent a number
of its paid workers and a considerable sum of money into the State.
There was a small anti-suffrage organization in Iowa during the
campaign affiliated with this national association, with branches in
Des Moines, Davenport, Clinton, Sioux City and a few other places.
Mrs. Simon Casady of Des Moines was State president. John P. Irish, a
former resident, came from California under its auspices to work
against the amendment but the press department widely circulated his
favorable declarations for woman suffrage in early years and reprinted
his editorials written during the Civil War, in which his disloyalty
to Lincoln and to the Union was shown. He was much disturbed by this
publicity concerning his past and soon left the State. The women's
anti-suffrage association did no particular harm but the forces of
evil with which it was allied did great damage and in the end defeated
the amendment. Iowa women had believed that their men were free from
entanglements with these forces but they learned that no State line
bars out the elements which work against democracy and the influence
of women in government.

In spite of these opposing forces the amendment would have won but for
political complications which arose during the last few weeks of the
campaign. It became necessary for the Republican party to sacrifice
woman suffrage to its "wet" candidate for Governor, as it felt sure
that he could not be elected in November if the vote should be given
to women in June. A prominent su