arance of the Martians evidently arising
from differences of character and education, which had impressed
themselves in the physical aspect of the individuals. We now learned
that these differences were more completely the result of education than
we had at first supposed.

Looking about among the Martians by whom we were surrounded, it soon
became easy for us to tell who were the soldiers and who were the
civilians, simply by the appearance of their bodies, and particularly of
their heads. All members of the military class resembled, to a greater
or less extent, the monarch himself, in that those parts of their skulls
which our phrenologists had designated as the bumps of destructiveness,
combativeness and so on were enormously and disproportionately
developed.

And all this, we were assured, was completely under the control of the
Martians themselves. They had learned, or invented, methods by which the
brain itself could be manipulated, so to speak, and any desired portions
of it could be especially developed, while other parts of it were left
to their normal growth. The consequence was that in the Martian schools
and colleges there was no teaching in our sense of the word. It was all
brain culture.

A Martian youth selected to be a soldier had his fighting faculties
especially developed, together with those parts of the brain which
impart courage and steadiness of nerve. He who was intended for
scientific investigation had his brain developed into a mathematical
machine, or an instrument of observation. Poets and literary men had
their heads bulging with the imaginative faculties. The heads of the
inventors were developed into a still different shape.

"And so," said Aina, translating for us the words of a professor in the
Imperial University of Mars, from whom we derived the greater part of
our information on this subject, "the Martian boys do not study a
subject; they do not have to learn it, but, when their brains have been
sufficiently developed in the proper direction, they comprehend it
instantly, by a kind of divine instinct."

But among the women of Mars, we saw none of these curious, and to our
eyes, monstrous differences of development. While the men received, in
addition to their special education, a broad general culture also, with
the women there was no special education. It was all general in its
character, yet thorough enough in that way. The consequence was that
only female brains upon Mars were