to chop during the winter, and mark the boundaries by blazing
the trees on each side.

The next operation is to cut down all the small trees and brush--this
is called under-brushing. The rule is to cut everything close to the
ground from the diameter of six inches downwards.

There are two modes of piling, either in heaps or in wind-rows. If your
fallow is full of evergreens, such as hemlock, pine, balsam, cedar, and
such description of timber, then I should say wind-rows are the best;
but when the timber is deciduous, heaps are better.

The brush should be carefully piled and laid all one way, by which
means it packs closer and burns better. The regular price for
underbrushing hard-wood land, and cutting up-all the old fallen timber-
-which is always considered a part of the underbrushing--is one dollar
per acre, and board. Rough land and swamp vary from seven shillings and
sixpence to ten shillings. Your under-brush should be all cut and piled
by the end of November, before the snow falls to the depth of four
inches, for after that it would be both difficult and tedious.

The chopping now begins, and may be followed without any interruption
until the season for sugar-making commences. The heads of the trees
should be thrown upon the heaps or wind-rows. A skilful chopper will
scarcely ever miss a heap when felling the timber, besides it saves a
great deal of labour in piling the limbs.

The trunks of the trees must be cut into lengths, from fourteen to
sixteen feet, according to the size of the timber. Now and then a large
maple or beech, when felled, may be left without cutting up, with the
exception of the top, which is called a plan-heap, and is left to log
against: this is only done when the tree is too large to be cut through
easily with the axe.

All timber fit for making rails should be left in double and treble
lengths, as it is less likely to burn.

A good axe-man should be able, with fair chopping, to cut an acre in
eight days after the under-brushing is done. The regular price of
chopping is five dollars per acre, with board, or six without.

The emigrant should endeavour to get as much chopping done as possible
during the first three years, because after that time he has so many
other things to attend to, such as increase of stock, barn and house-
building, thrashing, ploughing, &c., which, of course, give him every
year less time for chopping, particularly if his family be small, in
which case fi