backwards. Thus:

[Illustration: Fig. 1.]

In bars 4 to 8 partners advance, left shoulder to left shoulder, pass,
move to the left, retire backwards, re-passing right shoulder to right
shoulder, and so to original station. Thus:

[Illustration: Fig. 2.]

This is called in the Notation--Back-to-back.

GO-AND-COME.

This is a form of the Cross-over, but made without turning. It is
executed in Front formation, to eight bars of music. In the first two
bars partners cross exactly as in the Cross-over--right shoulder to right
shoulder. In bars 3 and 4, instead of turning, retire backwards in the
line they crossed--right shoulder to right shoulder. In bars 5 and 6 they
cross again, but left shoulder to left shoulder, and in bars 7 and 8
retire on the same line--left to left again.

This is called in the Notation--Go-and-Come.

THE RING.

In this, wherever it occurs, partners simply alter positions so that the
whole side forms a ring, or circle. It is sometimes used at the finish of
a dance; and in "Bean-setting" it occurs at the beginning. (_See_
diagrams, p. 51.)

This is called in the Notation--Ring.

STEPS IN FOREGOING EVOLUTIONS.

Unless special instructions are given to the contrary, the step used in
bars 1 and 2 of "Chain," "Cross-over," "Back-to-back" and "Go-and-come,"
is always 4/3 or 6/3, according to time, and 4/2 or 6/2 in bars 3 and 4;
likewise, 4/3 or 6/3 in bars 5 and 6, and 4/2 or 6/2 in bars 7 and 8.

THE JUMP.

The manner of the Jump has been described already (_see_ p. 33). It
remains to tell of the different ways in which the movement is employed,
and to assign to each a Notation number.

The Jump is used in two ways only, as follows:--

1. In position. That is, the dancer jumps where he stands, without
changing front.

This is called in the Notation--Ju.

2. To make a half-turn. That is, in military phrase, to make a
"half-right--or left--turn."

This is called in the Notation--j.

For direction--to left or right--of turning, _see_ instructions under
"Positions, and change of position."

The following rules as to the Jump apply to Handkerchief and Corner
dances, and are invariable. In Stick dances tapping to a great extent
takes the place of jumping, but in these, where the Jump is to be used,
it will be found marked in the Notation. Movements of the hands, which
invariably go with the Jump, will be found under heading "The Hands."

The first general rule is this: Ever