t on his arctic explorations.

- Russia quarrels with Turkey, claims a protectorate over all
Christians in Turkish dominions; war begun, a Turkish fleet
destroyed at Sinope. England and France interfere.

- Great successes of the Tai-pings in China.

1854 - Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill intensifies the slavery
agitation in the United States; formation of the Republican
party. See "THE RISE OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY."

- France and England declare war against Russia; bombardment of

Bomarsund; the allies land in the Crimea; battles of the Alma,
of Balaklava, of Inkerman, siege of Sebastopol.

- "THE OPENING OF JAPAN."

1855 - "THE CAPTURE OF SEBASTOPOL."

- Russian successes against the Turks in Asia.

- Overthrow of Santa Ana, Dictator of Mexico.

- Opening of a railway across the Isthmus of Panama.
1856 - Tumult and bloodshed in Kansas.

- Walker, the filibuster, seizes temporary control of Nicaragua.

- End of the Crimean War; Russia withdraws from the Danubian
Provinces.

- Second war between England and China; Persians attack
Afghanistan.

1857 - James Buchanan inaugurated as President of the United States.

The decision in the Dred Scott case extends slavery into the
Territories.

- Mormon Revolt in Utah.

- "THE INDIAN MUTINY." Nana Sahib heads the insurgents; recapture
of Delhi and Cawnpore; relief of Lucknow.

- England ends the Persian War. France joins England against
China.

- The first Atlantic cable laid and broken.

1858 - Jews admitted to share in the government of England.

- End of the Indian Mutiny; the East Indian Company transfers its
authority to the Crown.

1859 - John Brown's Raid.

- Charles Darwin announces the doctrine of evolution. See "DARWIN
PUBLISHES His ORIGIN OF SPECIES."

- Russia captures Shamyl, and subdues the entire region of the
Caucasus.

- Cavour, the chief statesman of Sardinia, arranges an alliance
with France and begins a war with Austria to establish "United
Italy."

- "BATTLES OF MAGENTA AND SOLFERINO."

- Lombardy added to the Italian Kingdom; Venice remains Austrian.

1860 - Garibaldi and his "Thousand" attack the Neapolitans in

Sicily; they capture Naples. Victor Emmanuel seizes the States
of the Church. See "THE KINGDOM OF ITALY ESTABLISHED.