by the quadrumanous animals
before mentioned, that they could hold themselves habitually in an erect
attitude, and were accustomed to a wide range of vision, and ceased to
use their jaws for fighting and tearing, or for clipping herbs for food,
their snout became gradually shorter, their incisor teeth became
vertical, and the facial angle grew more open.

Among other ideas which the natural _tendency to perfection_ engendered,
the desire of ruling suggested itself, and this race succeeded at length
in getting the better of the other animals, and made themselves masters
of all those spots on the surface of the globe which best suited them.
They drove out the animals which approached nearest them in organization
and intelligence, and which were in a condition to dispute with them the
good things of this world, forcing them to take refuge in deserts,
woods, and wildernesses, where their multiplication was checked, and the
progressive development of their faculties retarded; while, in the mean
time, the dominant race spread itself in every direction, and lived in
large companies, where new wants were successively created, exciting
them to industry, and gradually perfecting their means and faculties.

In the supremacy and increased intelligence acquired by the ruling race,
we see an illustration of the natural tendency of the organic world to
grow more perfect; and, in their influence in repressing the advance of
others, an example of one of those disturbing causes before enumerated,
that _force of external circumstances_ which causes such wide chasms in
the regular series of animated being.

When the individuals of the dominant race became very numerous, their
ideas greatly increased in number, and they felt the necessity of
communicating them to each other, and of augmenting and varying the
signs proper for the communication of ideas. Meanwhile the inferior
quadrumanous animals, although most of them were gregarious, acquired no
new ideas, being persecuted and restless in the deserts, and obliged to
fly and conceal themselves, so that they conceived no new wants. Such
ideas as they already had remained unaltered, and they could dispense
with the communication of the greater part of these. To make themselves,
therefore, understood by their fellows, required merely a few movements
of the body or limbs--whistling, and the uttering of certain cries
varied by the inflexions of the voice.

On the contrary, the individuals of