et above the sea in the northern part of
Norway. M. Alex. Brongniart, when he visited Uddevalla, ascertained that
one of the principal masses of shells, that of Capellbacken, is raised
more than 200 feet above the sea, resting on rocks of gneiss, all the
species being identical with those now inhabiting the contiguous ocean.
The same naturalist also stated, that on examining with care the surface
of the gneiss, immediately above the ancient shelly deposit, he found
barnacles (_balani_) adhering to the rocks, showing that the sea had
remained there for a long time. I was fortunate enough to be able to
verify this observation by finding in the summer of 1834, at Kured,
about two miles north of Uddevalla, and at the height of more than 100
feet above the sea, a surface of gneiss newly laid open by the partial
removal of a mass of shells used largely in the district for making lime
and repairing the roads. So firmly did these barnacles adhere to the
gneiss, that I broke off portions of the rock with the shells attached.
The face of the gneiss was also incrusted with small zoophytes
(_Cellepora?_ Lam.); but had these or the barnacles been exposed in the
atmosphere ever since the elevation of the rocks above the sea, they
would doubtless have decomposed and been obliterated.

The town of Uddevalla (see Map, p. 523) stands at the head of a narrow
creek overhung by steep and barren rocks of gneiss, of which all the
adjacent country is composed, except in the low grounds and bottoms of
valleys, where strata of sand, clay, and marl frequently hide the
fundamental rocks. To these newer and horizontal deposits the fossil
shells above mentioned belong, and similar marine remains are found at
various heights above the sea on the opposite island of Orust. The
extreme distance from the sea to which such fossils extend is as yet
unknown; but they have been already found at Trollhattan in digging the
canal there, and still farther inland on the northern borders of Lake
Wener, fifty miles from the sea, at an elevation of 200 feet near Lake
Rogvarpen.

To pass to the Baltic: I observed near its shores at Sodertelje, sixteen
miles S. W. of Stockholm, strata of sand, clay, and marl, more than 100
feet high, and containing shells of species now inhabiting the Bothnian
Gulf. These consist partly of marine and partly of freshwater species;
but they are few in number, the brackishness of the water appearing to
be very unfavorable to the develop