eminent paleontologist, writes: "The
mammoth is better known than most extinct animals by reason of the
discovery of an entire specimen preserved in the frozen soil of a cliff
at the mouth of the river Lena in Siberia. The skin was clothed with a
reddish wool, and with long black hairs. It is now preserved at St.
Petersburg, together with the skeleton."

The mammoth was not so large as it has sometimes been pictured. The
largest was not more than thirteen feet high, and many were not higher
than nine or ten feet. Its body was heavier than that of the elephant,
and its legs were shorter. It had enormous tusks, which it is thought
were sometimes used as crowbars in rooting up young trees in order to
get the branches for food. It is thought that several mammoths
cooperated in this work. Professor Owen writes: "The tusks of the
extinct _Elephas primigenius_, or mammoth, have a bolder and more
extensive curvature than those of the _Elephas Indicus_. Some have been
found which describe a circle, but the curve being oblique, they thus
clear the head, and point outward, downward, and backward. The numerous
fossil tusks of the mammoth which have been discovered and recorded may
be ranged under two averages of size, the larger ones at nine feet and a
half, the smaller at five feet and a half in length. The writer has
elsewhere assigned reasons for the probability of the latter belonging
to the female mammoth, which must accordingly have differed from the
existing elephant of India, and have more resembled that of Africa, in
the development of her tusks, yet manifesting an intermediate character
of smaller size. Of the tusks assigned to the male mammoth, one from the
newer tertiary deposits in Essex measured nine feet ten inches in
length, and two feet five inches in circumference at its thickest part."
Mammoth tusks are collected in Siberia as an article of commerce. The
ivory is little altered.

From the examination of the contents of the stomach of a mammoth that
was found frozen in a marsh it has been proved that the mammoth ate not
only the buds, cones, and tender branches of trees, but the wood itself.
Professor Owen shows that the mammoth was independent of the seasons on
account of being able to live upon such a diet. The teeth of the
mammoth, one of which weighs seventeen pounds, were well adapted to
grinding food that was hard and tough.

_The Cave-Bear._ The cave-bear differed from the grizzly of to-day
chiefly in i