nding of
chemical principles and his own experience to the solution of
pyrotechnic problems, for he continues:

"Pyrotechnics is at present considered under two heads,
namely, fireworks for exhibition and military fireworks. The
latter is undoubtedly the most useful, as it embraces a
variety of propositions calculated for attack and defence
both for naval and land service."

Almost simultaneously there appeared in the same _Journal of Arts and
Science_ another contribution by Cutbush, entitled

REMARKS CONCERNING THE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF THE
GREEK FIRE

In the light of recent events and the use of all sorts of chemical
bodies for warfare and destruction it will not be uninteresting to
introduce here a few paragraphs from this remarkable contribution. He
says:

"The Greek fire was invented by Callinicus of Heliopolis, a
town in Syria, who used it with so much skill and effect
during a naval engagement that he destroyed a whole fleet of
the enemy, in which were embarked 30,000 men.

"It appears that in the reign of Louis XV, a chemist of
Grenoble, Dupre de Mayen, discovered a composition similar in
effect to the Greek fire of Callinicus, which was exhibited
at Brest, and proved successful, but the preparation was kept
secret. The original Greek fire was used in 1291, and also in
1679.... Writers have defined it to be a sort of artificial
fire, which burns with increased violence when it mixes with
water.... That it was a liquid composition, we may infer from
the modes of using it, which were several. It was employed
chiefly on board of ships, and thrown on the vessels of the
enemy by large engines. It was sometimes kindled in
particular vessels, which might be called fire ships, and
which were introduced among a hostile fleet. Sometimes it
was put into jars and other vessels, and thrown at the enemy
by means of projectile machines, and sometimes it was
_squirted_ by soldiers from hand engines, or blown through
pipes. This fire was also discharged from the _foreparts of
ships_ by a machine constructed of copper and iron, the
extremity of which is said to have resembled the _open mouth_
and _jaws_ of a lion or other animal. They were painted, and
even gilded, and were capable of projecting the liquid fire
to a great distance.

"... John Cameniata, speaking of his native