e, Lapponi, Marchiafava.

APPENDIX VI.

ASTRONOMY AND THE CHURCH; SOME ROMAN ASTRONOMERS. 469

No formal list of Papal astronomers available. The roll of names in
astronomy connected in some way with the Popes almost as distinguished
as that of Papal Physicians: Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, Nicholas of
Cusa, Regiomontanus, Toscanelli, Archbishop Antoninus, Clavius, the
Roman College, Scheiner, Ricci, Athanasius Kircher, Thomas Leseur,
Franz Jacquier, Boscovitch, Le Maire, Gilii, Beccaria, Piazzi, Secchi,
De Vico, Sestini, Denza, Lais, Rodriguez, Hagan.

{xiv}

APPENDIX VII.

THE FATHERS OF THE CHURCH AND SCIENCE. 484

Supposed opposition of the Fathers of the Church to science.
Father Leahy on the true relations.
Defence of the Fathers.
Supposed opposition to science.
No opposition to true science.
Position as regards astrology.
What the Fathers did for science.

APPENDIX VIII.

SCIENCE IN AMERICA. 492

Spanish Catholic America far outdistanced English Protestant
America in the cultivation of science before our time.

Professor Bourne, on science at the Spanish-American Universities,
"Spanish-American science of the sixteenth century only reached
in English America in the nineteenth."

Dr. Chanca's letter.

Priority in medical education.

Bourne on Spanish-American anticipations.

Reasons for decadence.

APPENDIX IX.

THE DANGER OF A LITTLE KNOWLEDGE. 500

Professor Draper's "History of the Conflict Between Religion
and Science."
The tradition of Church opposition to science founded on
ignorance of the Middle Ages.
The "Bright," not the "Dark" Ages.
Draper's career.
"History of the Intellectual Development of Europe."
Acceptance of his writings as authoritative.
Lack of scholarship.
Medieval achievements.
"Lazy monks."
Wonderful work of the monks.
Monasteries as agricultural colleges.
The Arabs in science.
Medieval prophylaxis.
Magnificent hospitals.
Halley's comet.
The Popes of the beginning of the Renaissance: Nicholas V,
Calixtus III, Pius II (AEneas Sylvius Piccolomini).
Draper's summaries of history, caricatures.
Contrast between Spanish and English America.
Professor Bourne.
Sir Sidney Lee.
Professor Draper's philosophy of history.
The Church and social