railways running into Manchester. You were talking
about uniformity in such a case. Supposing that five out of
the eight railways had a particular rate for a particular
class of labor, would you apply that rate to the other three
railways? A: It may be that the five should be lower than
the three, and in that case, I certainly would not apply the
lower to the others. I would apply the higher rate as being
the uniform rate; but think that would be got over by the
suggestion that I have made whereby the rate would be
determined for Manchester, for example, by one authority. Q
13903--I will assume for the moment that the three are less
than the five. Would you then make the rate that the five
are paying a minimum rate? A: Yes, if the three were less
than the five, then the rate of the five would be the rate,
but if one was higher than the seven, then the other seven
would come up to the one quite naturally. For another good
example, see the claim of the Unions in the Engineering and
Foundry Trades (Special District Cases), Committee on
Production Reports (Great Britain), Vol. II, New Series
(545).

[110] See pages 138-9, Chapter VII, also pages 192-5,
Chapter IX.

[111] Justice Higgins of the Commonwealth Court of Australia
has dissented from the saving clause idea simply on the
ground that if the unions desire standardization and
uniformity, they "must take the rough with the smooth," Case
of the Federated Shoremen & Packers' Union, page 150, Vol.
X, "Commonwealth Arbitration Reports."

[112] Compare J. N. Stockett, Jr., "Arbitral Determination
of Railway Wages," pages 46-47.

CHAPTER IX--THE LIVING WAGE

Section 1. The reasons for seeking separate principles for the
settlement of the wages of the lowest paid groups.--Section 2. Wage
statistics of these groups a matter of familiar knowledge.--Section
3. The definition of the living wage idea. An inescapable element
of indefiniteness contained in it.--Section 4. The living wage
principle put in the form of applied policy.--Section 5. Should the
living wage principle be applied to male labor? The arguments for
and against.--Section 6. The theoretical case for the living wage
principle. The verdict of past experience favorable to its
extension.--Section 7. The dangers which must be guarded against in
applying it.--Section 8. It should be administered through
machinery which makes possible careful stu