s for water supply are disposed in the same
manner, as it is chiefly at the rears of houses that water is required,
and that drainage is most necessary; and this adjustment saves the cost,
the annoyance and the loss of fall, which accompany the use of pipes
running under the entire length of each house. Much tearing up of
pavements, expensive ditching in hard road-ways, and interference with
traffic is avoided, while very much less ditching and piping is necessary,
and repairs are made with very little annoyance to the occupants of
houses. The accompanying diagrams, (Figs. 48-49,) illustrate the
difference between the old system of drainage with brick sewers under the
streets, and brick drains under the houses, and pipe sewers under main
streets and through the back yards of premises. A measurement of these two
methods will show that the lengths of the drains in the new system, are to
those of the old, as 1 to 2-1/4;--the fall of the house drains, (these
having much less length,) would be 10 times more in the one case than in
the other;--the main sewers would have twice the fall, their area would be
only 1/30], and their cubic contents only 1/73.

[Fig. 48 - OLD STYLE HOUSE DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE.]

Fig. 48 - OLD STYLE HOUSE DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE.

Experience in England has shown that if the whole cost of water supply and
pipe sewers is, with its interest, divided over a period of thirty
years,--so that at the end of that time it should all be repaid,--the annual
charge would not be greater than the cost of keeping house-drains and
cess-pools pools clean. The General Board of Health state that "the
expense of cleansing the brick house-drains and cess-pools for four or
five years, would pay the expense of properly constructed water-closets
and pipe-drains, for the greater number of old premises."

[Fig. 49 - MODERN HOUSE DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE.]

Fig. 49 - MODERN HOUSE DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE.

One of the reports of this body, which has added more than any other
organization to the world's knowledge on these subjects, closes with the
following:

"Conclusions obtained as to house drainage, and the sewerage and cleansing
of the sites of towns."

"That no population living amidst impurities, arising from the putrid
emanations from cess-pools, drains and sewers of deposit, can be healthy
or free from the attacks of devastating epidemics.

"That as a primary conditi