right of citizen to reside peacefully in the several States, and to
have free ingress into and egress from such States. Authority to deal
with the forcible eviction by a mob of individuals across State
boundaries is exclusively within the power reserved by the Constitution
to the States.

[1228] Virginia _v._ Rives, 100 U.S. 313, 318 (1880); Strauder _v._ West
Virginia, 100 U.S. 303 (1880).

[1229] Ex parte Virginia, 100 U.S. 339, 344 (1880).

[1230] United States _v._ Harris, 106 U.S. 629 (1883). _See also_
Baldwin _v._ Franks, 120 U.S. 678, 685 (1887).

[1231] 325 U.S. 91 (1945).

[1232] 18 U.S.C.A. Sec. 242.

[1233] No "opinion of the Court" was given. In announcing the judgment
of the Court, Justice Douglas, who was joined by Chief Justice Stone and
Justices Black and Reed, declared that the trial judge had erred in not
charging the jury that the defendants must be found to have had the
specific intention of depriving their victim of his right to a fair
trial in accordance with due process of law, that this was the force of
the word, "willfully," in section 20, and that any other construction of
section 20 would be void for want of laying down an "ascertainable
standard of guilt." To avoid a stalemate on the Court, Justice Rutledge
concurred in the result; but, on the merits of the case, he would have
affirmed the conviction. Justice Murphy announced that he favored
affirming the conviction and therefore dissented. Justice Roberts, with
whom Justices Frankfurter and Jackson were associated, dissented for
reasons stated in the text.

[1234] 100 U.S. 339, 346 (1880).

[1235] 313 U.S. 299, 326 (1941).

[1236] 325 U.S. 91, 114-116 (1945). _But see_ Barney _v._ City of New
York, 193 U.S. 430, 438, 441 (1904).

[1237] Ibid. 106-107. The majority supporting this proposition was not
the same majority as the one which held that "State" action was
involved.

[1238] 341 U.S. 97 (1951).

[1239] Ibid. 103-104.

[1240] 342 U.S. 852.

[1241] Ibid. 853-854.

AMENDMENT 15

RIGHT OF CITIZENS TO VOTE

Page
Affirmative interpretation 1183
Negative application; the "Grandfather Clause" 1184
Application to party primaries 1185
Enforcement 1186

AMENDMENT 15.--RIGHT OF CITIZENS TO VOTE

Amendment 15