316
What constitutes punishment 317
Changes in place or mode of trial 317
Clause 4. Capitation and direct taxes 317
Direct taxes 317
The Hylton case 317
From the Hylton to the Pollock case 318
Restriction of the Pollock decision 319
Miscellaneous 321
Clause 5. Export duties 321
Taxes on exports 321
Stamp taxes 322
Clause 6. "No preference" clause 322
Clause 7. Appropriations and accounting of public mon 323
Appropriations 323
Payment of claims 324
Clause 8. Titles of nobility and gifts from foreign
States 324
Section 10. Powers denied to the States 325
Clause 1. Not to make treaties, coin money, pass ex post
facto laws, impair contracts, etc. 325
Treaties, alliances, or confederations 325
Bills of credit 326
Legal tender 326
Bills of attainder 326
Ex post facto laws 327
Scope of provision 327
Denial of future privileges to past offenders 327
Changes in punishment 328
Changes in procedure 328
Obligation of contracts 329
Definition of terms 329
"Law" 329
Status of judicial decisions 329
"Obligation" 332
"Impair" 332
"Contracts," extended to cove