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but had been recognized as Head-Chief for a long time. He could speak some English, and was far above the average of white men in native shrewdness and intelligence. He was thoroughly posted in the traditions and legends of his people. The Ojibways have for many years been cursed by contact with the worst elements of the whites, and seem to have adopted the vices rather than the virtues of civilization. I once spoke of this to "Hole-in-the-day." His reply was terse and truthful--"_Madge tche-mo-ko-mon, madge a-nische-nabe: menoge tche-mo-ko-mon, meno a-nische-nabe._--Bad white men, bad Indians: good white men, good Indians."] [Footnote 37: _Nah_--look, see. _Nashke_--behold.] [Footnote 38: _Kee-zis_--the sun,--the father of life. _Waubunong_--or _Waub-o-nong_--is the White Land or Land of Light,--the Sunrise, the East.] [Footnote 39: The Bridge of Stars spans the vast sea of the skies, and the sun and moon walk over on it.] [Footnote 40: The _Miscodeed_ is a small white flower with a pink border. It is the earliest blooming wild flower on the shores of Lake Superior, and belongs to the crocus family.] [Footnote 41: The _Ne-be-naw-baigs_, are Water-spirits; they dwell in caverns in the depths of the lake, and in some respects resemble the _Unktehee_ of the Dakotas.] [Footnote 42: _Ogema_, Chief,--_Oge-ma-kwa_--female Chief. Among the Algonkin tribes women are sometimes made chiefs. _Net-no-kwa_, who adopted Tanner as her son, was _Oge-ma-kwa_ of a band of Ottawas. See _John Tanner's Narrative_, p. 36.] [Footnote 43: The "Bridge of Souls" leads from the earth over dark and stormy waters to the spirit-land. The "Dark River" seems to have been a part of the superstitions of all nations.] [Footnote 44: The _Jossakeeds_ of the Ojibways are soothsayers who are able, by the aid of spirits, to read the past as well as the future.] DEATH OF WINONA. Mr. Gordon has taken for his theme the love of the beautiful maiden Winona for Du Luth the explorer. He leaves her to continue his travels, and she, driven to desperation at the thought of marriage with Tauedoka, whom she loathes, takes her life. [Footnote 45: The Dakota name for the Mississippi.] [Footnote 46: Wild geese.] [Footnote 47: Lake Pepin: by Hennepin called the Lake of Tears.--Called by the Dakotas Pem-uee-chah-mday--Lake of the Mountain.] [Footnote 48: The rock from which Winona leaped was formerly perpendicular to the water's edge and
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