s of the discovery of Copernicus.... Bruno
burned by the Inquisition at Rome.... Keppler (1571-1630) and his
discovery of the elliptical orbits of the planets. Galileo
(1564-1642). His telescope speedily improved so as to magnify 32
diameters. His attitude toward the Copernican theory, which was
condemned by Roman Inquisition 1616.... Galileo's chief discoveries
were in physics and mechanics. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) proved that
the laws of falling bodies apply to the heavens. This made a deep
impression and finally the newer conceptions of the universe began
to be popularized.... Lord Bacon (1561-1626), the 'Buccinator' of
experimental and applied modern science.... His lively appreciation
of the existing obstacles to scientific advance; the idols of the
tribe, cave, market-place, and theatre.... Necessity of escaping
from the scholastic methods of 'tumbling up and down in our reasons
and conceits,' and studying the world about us. Undreamed of
achievements possible if only the right method of research be
followed ... the distrust of ancient authority.... Descartes
(1596-1650), ... he proposed to reach the truth through analysis and
clear ideas, on the assumption that God will not deceive.... His
fundamental interest in mathematics.... His claim to originality and
his rejection of all authority.... Obstacles to scientific advance;
the universities still dominated by Aristotle; the theological
faculties; the censorship of the press exercised by both church and
state; ..."

4 (J. H. R.) "Phases of religious complex. 'Religious,' a vague and
comprehensive term applied to: (1) certain classes of emotions (awe,
dependence, self-distrust, aspirations, etc.); (2) Conduct, which
may take the form of distinctive religious acts (ceremonies,
sacrifices, prayers, 'good works') or the observance of what in
primitive conditions are recognized as 'taboos'; (3) Priestly, or
ecclesiastical organizations; (4) Beliefs about supernatural beings
and man's relations to them: the latter may take the form of
revelation and be reduced to creeds and become the subject of
elaborate theological speculations.

"Association of religion with the supernatural; religion has always
had for its primary object the attainment of a satisfactory