o helped to
bring about the movement of 1789, and then tried in vain to arrest its
course.

See _Recueil des opinions de Stanislas de Clermont-Tonnerre_ (4 vols.,
Paris, 1791), the text of his speeches as published by himself; A.
Aulard, _Les Orateurs de la Constituante_ (2nd ed., Paris, 1905).

CLERUCHY (Gr. [Greek: klerouchia], from [Greek: kleros], a lot, [Greek:
echein], to have), in ancient Greek history a kind of colony composed of
Athenian[1] citizens planted, practically as a garrison, in a conquered
country. Strictly, the settlers (cleruchs) were not colonists, inasmuch
as they retained their status as citizens of Athens (e.g. _ho demos ho
en Hphaistia_), and their allotments were politically part of Attic
soil. These settlements were of three kinds: (1) where the earlier
inhabitants were extirpated or expatriated, and the settlers occupied
the whole territory; (2) where the settlers occupied allotments in the
midst of a conquered people; and (3) where the inhabitants gave up
portions of land to settlers in return for certain pecuniary
concessions. The primary object (cf. the 4000 cleruchs settled in 506
B.C. upon the lands of the conquered oligarchs of Euboea, known as the
Hippobotae) was unquestionably military, and in the later days of the
Delian League the system was the simplest precaution against
disaffection on the part of the allies, the strength of whose resentment
may be gathered from an inscription (Hicks and Hill, 101 [81]), which,
in setting forth the terms of the second Delian Confederacy, expressly
forbids the holding of land by Athenians in allied territory.

A secondary object of the cleruchies was social or agrarian, to provide
a source of livelihood to the poorer Athenians. Plutarch (_Pericles_,
11) suggests that Pericles by this means rid the city of the idle and
mischievous loafers; but it would appear that the cleruchs were selected
by lot, and in any case a wise policy would not deliberately entrust
important military duties to recognized wastrels. When we remember that
in 50 years of the 5th century some 10,000 cleruchs went out, it is
clear that the drain on the citizen population was considerable.

It is impossible to decide precisely how far the state retained control
over the cleruchs. Certainly they were liable to military service and
presumably to that taxation which fell upon Athenians at home. That they
were not liable for the tribute which members of the Delian Le