e laws above stated apply to all the more important trees and
shrubs likely to be familiar to the student.

[63] There is a very tender lesson of this kind in the shadows of
leaves upon the ground; shadows which are the most likely of all to
attract attention, by their pretty play and change. If you examine
them, you will find that the shadows do not take the forms of the
leaves, but that, through each interstice, the light falls, at a
little distance, in the form of a round or oval spot; that is to
say, it produces the image of the sun itself, cast either vertically
or obliquely, in circle or ellipse according to the slope of the
ground. Of course the sun's rays produce the same effect, when they
fall through any small aperture: but the openings between leaves are
the only ones likely to show it to an ordinary observer, or to
attract his attention to it by its frequency, and lead him to think
what this type may signify respecting the greater Sun; and how it
may show us that, even when the opening through which the earth
receives light is too small to let us see the Sun Himself, the ray
of light that enters, if it comes straight from Him, will still bear
with it His image.

[64] In the smaller figure (32), it will be seen that this
interruption is caused by a cart coming down to the water's edge;
and this object is serviceable as beginning another system of curves
leading out of the picture on the right, but so obscurely drawn as
not to be easily represented in outline. As it is unnecessary to the
explanation of our point here, it has been omitted in the larger
diagram, the direction of the curve it begins being indicated by the
dashes only.

[65] Both in the Sketches in Flanders and Germany.

[66] If you happen to meet with the plate of Duerer's representing a
coat-of-arms with a skull in the shield, note the value given to the
concave curves and sharp point of the helmet by the convex leafage
carried round it in front; and the use of the blank white part of
the shield in opposing the rich folds of the dress.

[67] Turner hardly ever, as far as I remember, allows a strong light
to oppose a full dark, without some intervening tint. His suns never
set behind dark mountains without a film of cloud above the
mountain's edge.

[68] "A prudent chief not always must display