bstantive, a seat, and a walk.

But there is another verb of great consequence in all languages, which
would appear, in its simplest form in our language to suggest but two
primary ideas, as the verb _to be_, but that it suggests three primary
ideas like other verbs maybe understood, if we use the synonymous term
to exist instead of to be. Thus "I exist" suggests first the abstract
idea of existence, not including the mode of existence, whether at
rest, or in action, or in suffering; secondly it adds to that
abstracted idea of existence its real state, or actual resting,
acting, or suffering, existence; and thirdly the idea of the present
time: thus the infinitive mood _to be_, and the participle, _being_,
suggest both the abstract idea of existence, and the actual state of
it, but not the time.

The verb _to be_ is also used irregularly to designate the parts of
time and actual existence; and is then applied to either the active or
passive participles of other verbs, and called an auxiliary verb;
while the mode of existence, whether at rest, or in action, or being
acted upon, is expressed by the participle, as "I am loving" is nearly
the same as "I love," amo; and "I am loved," amatus sum, is nearly the
same as amor. This mode of application of the verb _to be_ is used in
French as well as in English, and in the passive voice of the Latin,
and perhaps in many other languages; and is by its perpetual use in
conversation rendered irregular in them all, as I am, thou art, he is,
would not seem to belong to the infinitive mood _to be_, any more than
sum, fui, sunt, fuerunt, appear to belong to esse.

The verb _to have_ affords another instance of irregular application;
the word means in its regular sense to possess, and then suggests
three ideas like the above verb of existence: first the abstracted
idea of the thing spoken of, or possession; secondly, the actual
existence of possession, and lastly the time, as I have or possess.
This verb _to have_ like the verb _to be_ is also used irregularly to
denote parts of past time, and is then joined to the passive
participles alone, as I have eaten; or it is accompanied with the
passive participle of the verb _to be_, and then with the active
participle of another verb, as I have been eating.

There is another word _will_ used in the same irregular manner to
denote the parts of future time, which is derived from the verb _to
will_; which in its regular use signifies to exert