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dorsal bones of the spinal column behind, bound the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs, heart, and large blood-vessels. [Illustration: Fig. 15. A representation of the pelvic bones. _e_. The lumbo-sacral joint. 2. The sacrum. _3_. Coccyx. _1,1_. The innominata. _4,4_. Acetabula.] The _Pelvis_ is an open bony structure, consisting of the Os Innominata, one on either side, and the Sacrum and Coccyx behind. The _Sacrum_, during childhood, consists of five bones, which in later years unite to form one bone. It is light and spongy in texture, and the upper surface articulates with the lowest vertebra, while it is united at its inferior margin to the coccyx. The _Coccyx_ is the terminal bone of the spinal column. In infancy it is cartilaginous and composed of several pieces, but in the adult these unite and form one bone. The _Innominata_, or nameless bones, during youth, consist of three separate pieces on each side; but as age advances they coalesce and form one bone. A deep socket, called the _acetabulum_, is found near their junction, which serves for the reception of the head of the thigh-bone. [Illustration: Fig. 16. 1. Portions of the backbone. 2. Cranial bones. _4_. Breast-bone. _5_. Ribs. _7_. Collar-bone. _8_. Arm-bone (humerus). _9_. Shoulder-joint. _10, 11_. Bones of the fore-arm (ulna and radius). _12_. Elbow-joint. _13_. Wrist-joint. _14_. Bones of the hand. _15, 16_. Pelvic bones. _17_. Hip-joint. _18_. Femur. _19, 20_. Bones of the knee-joint. _21, 22_. Fibula and tibia. _23_. Ankle bone. _24_. Bones of the foot.] THE BONES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES are sixty-four in number, and are classified as follows: The Scapula, Clavicle, Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpus, Metacarpus, and Phalanges. The _Scapula_, or shoulder-blade, is an irregular, thin, triangular bone, situated at the posterior part of the shoulder, and attached to the upper and back part of the chest. The _Clavicle_, or collar-bone, is located at the upper part of the chest, between the sternum and scapula, and connects with both. Its form resembles that of the italic letter _f_, and it prevents the arms from sliding forward. The _Humerus_, the first bone of the arm, is long, cylindrical, and situated between the scapula and fore-arm. The _Ulna_ is nearly parallel with the radius, and situated on the inner side of the fore-arm. It is the longer and larger of the two bones, and in its articulation with the humerus, forms a perfect hinge-
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