the
foreign cloth would go into the United States' treasury.

Sec.9. The same objects may, to some extent, be effected by the first
mentioned power, "to lay taxes, duties," &c. In laying duties for
revenue, that is, raising money to pay the debts and other expenses of
the government, congress may lay the duties upon those kinds of goods
which it wishes to protect; and thus _indirectly_ both encourage
domestic industry and regulate commerce. From this it appears that the
three objects mentioned may be accomplished under the grant of either
one of the two general powers, to lay duties, and to regulate commerce.

Sec.10. Why, then, it may be asked, were both these powers inserted in the
constitution? The first _expressly_ authorizes the laying of duties only
to raise money for paying debts and government expenses; and protection
and the regulation of commerce can only be effected _indirectly_. Hence,
if our arrangements with foreign nations should be such as to render it
unnecessary to lay duties to regulate commerce, or encourage domestic
industry, money could not be raised without the _express_ power to lay
taxes, duties, &c. And such might be the state of things, that rates of
duties sufficient for revenue would be insufficient for the purposes of
protection and regulating trade. Therefore, both powers are properly
granted to congress.

Sec.11. Again, it may be asked, if foreign goods without duty can be had at
lower prices than domestic, why is it not better for us to buy them than
to force the manufacture and sale of our own at higher prices? and, if
there is no other way of raising money, why not do it by direct
taxation? Suppose, for example, as in a preceding section, (Sec.8,) the
price of foreign cloth to be $2.50 a yard, for which the farmer has to
pay in wheat, or in cash received for it. But as the wheat has to be
shipped to a foreign market, the merchant who takes it in exchange for
the cloth, or the cash purchaser, deducts from the foreign market price
the cost of transportation and the foreign duty, which, together, let us
suppose to be fifty cents a bushel, or one-half of the foreign market
price. A yard of cloth would then cost five bushels of wheat.

Sec.12. Let us now suppose a domestic article at $3 a yard to take the
place of the foreign. A large portion of the laborers formerly employed
in agriculture, are now engaged in building factories and in
manufacturing. These, instead of being producers, h