opoly of power-loom
work. (_Report of Woollen Manufactures in Miscellaneous English
Towns_, pp. 98, 99.) Where both men and women are freely engaged in
the same class of work, the men are always (save in the area of the
Lancashire trade unions) paid at higher rates: where the same rates
are paid they are determined upon the woman's scale. The comparison
between Huddersfield and other cloth-making towns in Yorkshire
establishes this point. "In the cloth mills of these three districts,
Bradford, Huddersfield, and Leeds, men and women engaged upon the same
work at the looms receive the same pay. In the Huddersfield district
the proportion of men to women among the weavers is much greater than
it is in the districts of Bradford, Halifax, or Leeds, and in the
Huddersfield districts alone there is a weaver's scale, according to
which women are paid from 15 to 50 per cent. below men. The proportion
of women is, however, rapidly increasing; and I found many firms where
the scale is not in operation. At some places men and women were paid
alike _upon the woman's scale_. At other firms men were paid at a
slightly higher rate than women, the women's scale being the basis of
calculation for all classes of work." (Miss Abraham in _Reports on
Employment of Women to the Labour Commission_, p. 100.)

[264] _Report on Principal Textile Trades_, p. xxv.

[265] The evidence adduced by Dr. Arlidge in his _Diseases of
Occupations_ regarding the effects of factory life upon the physique
of children is conclusive. See p. 38, etc.

[266] See Appendix on Factory Legislation.

CHAPTER XIII.

MACHINERY AND THE MODERN TOWN.

Sec. 1. _The Modern Industrial Town as a Machine-product._
Sec. 2. _Growth of Town as compared with Rural Population in the Old
and New Worlds._
Sec. 3. _Limits imposed upon the Townward Movement by the Economic
Conditions of World-industry._
Sec. 4. _Effect of increasing Town-life upon Mortality._
Sec. 5. _The impaired quality of Physical Life in Towns._
Sec. 6. _The Intellectual Education of Town-life._
Sec. 7. _The Moral Education of Town-life._
Sec. 8. _Economic Forces making for Decentralisation._
Sec. 9. _Desirability of Public Control of Transport Services to
effect Decentralisation._
Sec. 10. _Long Hours and Insecurity of Work as Obstacles to Reforms._
Sec. 11. _The Principle of Internal Reform of Town-life._

Sec. 1. In the last fe