erland cases;
of < in the hypersensitive as often the only expression
Will \ of any neuropathic tendency.
{ Distractibility
{ as in hypomania and frequently in hysteria.
{ Negativism
{ as in catatonia.
{ Mutism
{ as in catatonia.
{ Compulsive acts
{ as in psychasthenia, hysteria, etc.
{ Psychomotor overactivity (volition unable to check)
{ as in mania.
{ Psychomotor retardation (volition unable to energize)
\ as in depression.

From this limited survey of the mind's disorders we realize that every
departure from the normal mental attitude tends to associate itself with
one of the following five _states of mental disability_.

Depression,
Exaltation,
Perversion,
Enfeeblement,
Deficiency.

CHAPTER IX

VARIATIONS FROM NORMAL MENTAL PROCESSES (Continued)

_Hyperesthesia_ is abnormal sensitiveness to stimulation.

_Anesthesia_ is loss, either temporary or permanent, of any of the
senses.

_Perversion_ is morbid alteration of function which may occur in
emotional, intellectual, or volitional fields.

Example: The odor of a rose causing an acute sense of physical pain.

An _illusion_ is a false interpretation of a perception.

The normal mind is quite subject to illusions, either due to a faulty
sense organ, or to a preconceived state of mind which so strongly
expects or presages something else than reality as to misinterpret what
the senses bring.

Examples: The crooked stick as a snake.
A ghost created from shadow.
An ordinary ringing in the ears as sleigh-bells.
Milk tasting like blood.

An _hallucination_ is a perception without an object.

The hallucinated individual projects, as it were, the things of his
mind's creation into the outer world, and accepts them as reality. He
sees snakes where there is nothing to suggest them; sees a ghost where
there is no shadow; believes that the taste of blood is constantly in
his mouth.

There are possible hallucinations of every sense. Nonexistent objects
are seen, touched, tasted, heard, or smelled.

_Hypochondriasis_ is a state characterized by persistent ideas of
non-existent physical disabilities.

The hypochondriac has every known symptom of indigestion, or of heart