demands at different seasons of the
year and hours of the day. In order further to provide cars, each of
which would be as safe as the others, it was essential that there
should be no difference in constructional strength between the motor
cars and the trail cars. All cars were therefore made of one type and
can be used interchangeably for either motor or trail-car service.

The motor cars carry both motors on the same truck; that is, they have
a motor truck at one end carrying two motors, one geared to each
axle; the truck at the other end of the car is a "trailer" and carries
no motive power.

[Illustration: SIDE VIEW OF STEEL PASSENGER CAR]

Some leading distinctive features of the cars may be enumerated as
follows:

(1.) The length is 51 feet and provides seating capacity for
52 passengers. This length is about 4 feet more than those of
the existing Manhattan Elevated Railroad cars.

(2.) The enclosed vestibule platforms with sliding doors
instead of the usual gates. The enclosed platforms will
contribute greatly to the comfort and safety of passengers
under subway conditions.

(3.) The anti-telescoping car bulkheads and platform posts.
This construction is similar to that in use on Pullman cars,
and has been demonstrated in steam railroad service to be an
important safety appliance.

(4.) The steel underframing of the car, which provides a
rigid and durable bed structure for transmitting the heavy
motive power stresses.

(5.) The numerous protective devices against defects in the
electrical apparatus.

(6.) Window arrangement, permitting circulation without
draughts.

(7.) Emergency brake valve on truck operated by track trip.

(8.) Emergency brake valve in connection with
master-controller.

The table on page 133 shows the main dimensions of the car, and
also the corresponding dimensions of the standard car in use on the
Manhattan Elevated Railway.

The general arrangement of the floor framing is well shown in the
photograph on page 132. The side sills are of 6-inch channels,
which are reinforced inside and out by white oak timbers. The center
sills are 5-inch I-beams, faced on both sides with Southern pine. The
end sills are also of steel shapes, securely attached to the side
sills by steel castings and forgings. The car body end-sill channel is
faced with a white-oak filler, mortised to receive the car body
e