ness of their juridic rights.

[Footnote 1: The law of 1862 conferred upon the Jews of "the Kingdom
of Poland," i.e., of Russian Poland, the right of unrestricted
residence throughout the Kingdom, including the villages (see p.
181). This privilege was practically annulled by the enactment of
June 11, 1891, which severely restricts the property rights of the
Polish Jews.]

[Footnote 2: The Russian Code of Laws classifies the Jews as follows
(Volume IX., Laws of Social Orders, Article 762): "Among the Aliens
inhabiting the Russian Empire are the following: 1) The Siberian
Aliens; 2) The Samoyeds of the Government of Archangel; 3) The
nomadic Aliens of the Government of Stavropol; 4) The Kalmycks
leading a nomadic life in the Governments of Astrakhan and
Stavropol; 5) The Kirgiz of the Inner Ord; 6) The Aliens of the
Territories of Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk, Semiryechensk, Ural, and
Turgay; 7) the alien populations of the Trans-Caspian Territory; 8)
The Jews."]

Looking at the problem, not at all as Jewish apologetes or
sympathizers, but purely from the point of view of civic
righteousness and the highest principles of impartiality and
justice, we cannot but admit that the Jews have a right to complain
about their situation.... However unpleasant it might sound to the
enemies of Judaism, it is nevertheless an axiom which no one can
deny that the whole five million Jewish population of Russia,
unattractive though it may appear to certain groups and individuals,
is yet an integral part of Russia and that the questions affecting
this population are at the same time purely Russian questions. We
are not dealing with foreigners, whose admission to Russian
citizenship might be conditioned by their usefulness or uselessness
to Russia. The Jews of Russia are not foreigners. For more than one
hundred years they have formed a part of that same Russian Empire,
which has incorporated scores of other tribes many of which count by
the millions....

The very history of Russian legislation, notwithstanding the fact
that this legislation has developed largely under the influence of a
most severe outlook on Judaism, teaches us that there is only one
way and one solution--to emancipate and unite the Jews with the rest
of the population under the protection of the same laws. All this is
attested not by theories and doctrines but by the living experience
of centuries.... Hence the final goal o