484 8,883,254 4,016,230

Accordingly, within twenty years, the number of males employed increased
613,068, or 7.9 per cent.; the number of females, however, by 692,950,
or 20.9 per cent. It is especially to be observed in this table that, in
1881, a year of crisis, the number of males employed fell off by
486,540, and the number of females increased by 80,638. The increase of
female at the cost of male persons employed is thus emphatically brought
to light. But within the increasing number of female employes itself a
change is going on: _younger forces are displacing the older_. It
transpired that in England, during the years 1881-1891, female
labor-power of the age 10 to 45 had increased, while that above 45 had
decreased.

Industries in which female exceeded considerably the number of male
labor, were mainly the following:

Industries. Females. Males.
Manufacture of woman's clothing 415,961 4,470
Cotton industry 332,784 213,231
Manufacture of worsted goods 69,629 40,482
Manufacture of shirts 52,943 2,153
Manufacture of hosiery 30,887 18,200
Lace industry 21,716 13,030
Tobacco industry 15,880 13,090
Bookbinding 14,249 11,487
Manufacture of gloves 9,199 2,756
Teachers 144,393 50,628

Again the wages of women are, in almost all branches, considerably lower
than the wages of men _for the same hours_. In the year 1883, the wages
in England were for men and women as follows, per week:--

Industries. Males. Females.
Flax and jute factories 26 Marks 10-11 Marks
Manufacture of glass 38 " 12 "
Printing 32-36 " 10-12 "
Carpet factories 29 " 15 "
Weaving 26 " 16 "
Shoemaking 29 " 15 "
Dyeing 25-29 " 12-13 "

Similar differences in wages for men and women are found in the Post
Office service, in school teaching, etc. Only in the cotton industry in
Lancashire did both sexes earn equal wages for equal hours of work in
the tending of power looms.

In the United States, according to the census of 1890, there were
2,652,157 wome