rt
with the purpose of justifying, to a critical and often hostile public,
the sectarian and partisan aims and acts of their several organizations.
In a few works such as Sighele's _Psychologie des sectes_ and Michels'
_Political Parties_ an attempt has been made at objective description
and analysis of the mechanisms of the behavior of the sect and of the
party.

The natural history of the state from the tribe to the modern nation has
been that of a political society based on conflict. Franz Oppenheimer
maintains the thesis in his book _The State: Its History and Development
Viewed Sociologically_, that conquest has been the historical basis of
the state. The state is, in other words, an organization of groups that
have been in conflict, i.e., classes and castes; or of groups that are
in conflict, i.e., political parties.

A nationality, as distinct from a nation, as for instance the Irish
nationality, is a language and cultural group which has become group
conscious through its struggle for status in the larger imperial or
international group. Nationalism is, in other words, a phenomenon of
internationalism.

The literature upon this subject is enormous. The most interesting
recent works on the general topic are Dominian's _The Frontiers of
Language and Nationality in Europe_, Pillsbury's _The Psychology of
Nationality and Internationalism_, and Oakesmith's _Race and
Nationality_.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY OF CONFLICT

A. _Conflict and Social Process_

(1) Simmel, Georg. "The Sociology of Conflict." Translated from the
German by Albion W. Small. _American Journal of Sociology_, IX (1903-4),
490-525; 672-89; 798-811.

(2) Gumplowicz, Ludwig. _Der Rassenkampf._ Sociologische Untersuchungen.
Innsbruck, 1883.

(3) Novicow, J. _Les Luttes entre societes humaines et leurs phases
successives._ Paris, 1893.

(4) Ratzenhofer, Gustav. _Wesen und Zweck der Politik._ Als Theil der
Sociologie und Grundlage der Staatswissenschaften. 3 vols. Leipzig,
1893.

(5) ----. _Die sociologische Erkenntnis._ Positive Philosophie des
Socialen Lebens. Leipzig, 1898.

(6) Sorel, Georges. _Reflections on Violence._ New York, 1914.

B. _Conflict and Mental Conflict_

(1) Healy, William. _Mental Conflicts and Misconduct._ Boston, 1917.

(2) Prince, Morton. _The Unconscious._ The fundamentals of personality,
normal and abnormal. Chap. xv, "Instincts, Sentiments, and Conflicts,"
pp. 446-87; chap