Group Norms in Present-Day Society," in Jennings, Watson,
Meyer, and Thomas, _Suggestions of Modern Science Concerning Education_.
(Published by The Macmillan Co., 1917. Reprinted by permission.)

[169] _Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and
Correction_, 1901, p. 300.

[170] See p. 219.

[171] H. A. Taine, _The Ancient Regime_, Preface, p. viii. (New York,
1891.)

[172] Karl Lamprecht, _What Is History?_ p. 3. (New York, 1905.)

[173] See chap. i, _Sociology and the Social Sciences_, pp. 6-12.

[174] See references, chap. ii, "Human Nature," p. 149.

[175] For a discussion of the philosophical background of Adam Smith's
political philosophy see Wilhelm Hasbach, _Untersuchungen ueber Adam
Smith_. (Leipzig, 1891.)

[176] "The science of Political Economy as we have it in England may be
defined as the science of business, such as business is in large
productive and trading communities. It is an analysis of that world so
familiar to many Englishmen--the 'great commerce' by which England has
become rich. It assumes the principal facts which make that commerce
possible, and as is the way of an abstract science it isolates and
simplifies them: it detaches them from the confusion with which they are
mixed in fact. And it deals too with the men who carry on that commerce,
and who make it possible. It assumes a sort of human nature such as we
see everywhere around us, and again it simplifies that human nature; it
looks at one part of it only. Dealing with matters of 'business,' it
assumes that man is actuated only by motives of business. It assumes
that every man who makes anything, makes it for money, that he always
makes that which brings him in most at least cost, and that he will make
it in the way that will produce most and spend least; it assumes that
every man who buys, buys with his whole heart, and that he who sells,
sells with his whole heart, each wanting to gain all possible advantage.
Of course we know that this is not so, that men are not like this; but
we assume it for simplicity's sake, as an hypothesis."--Walter Bagehot,
_The Postulates of English Political Economy_. (New York and London,
1885.)

[177] H. G. Wells, _The Outline of History_, Vol. II, pp. 579-95. (New
York, 1920.)

[178] _Pure Sociology_, p. 261. (New York, 1903.)

[179] _Dynamic Sociology_, II, 90.(New York, 1883.)

CHAPTER VIII

COMPETITION

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Popular Conception of Competition

C