suspensory part.

Lower Jaw--

Distinct bones in the frog; one mass in the dog.

Otic Capsule--

Position as specified. One centre of ossification in the frog
forming pro-otic; several fuse together and form periotic of the
dog.

There is no bulla and no external ear in the frog.

Palate--

In the frog the posterior nares open into the front of the mouth.
In the dog the maxillae and palatines send plates down and in (the
palatine plates) to cut off a nasal passage from the rest of the
buccal chamber, and carry the posterior nares back to the pharynx,
thus cutting the vomers off from the mouth roof.

The pterygoids in the dog are much reduced, and do not reach back
to the suspensorium.

The frog has no lachrymal bone.

-Syllabus Of Practical Work_

We would impress upon the student at the outset the importance of
some preliminary reading before dissection is undertaken. No one
would dream of attempting to explore a deserted city without some
previous study of maps and guide-books, but we find again and again
students undertaking to explore the complicated anatomy of a
vertebrated animal without the slightest, or only the slightest,
preparatory reading. This is entirely a mistake. A student should be
familiar with the nomenclature of the structures he contemplates
examining, he should have some idea of their mutual relations and
functions, or his attention will inevitably be diverted by the difficulty
of new names and physiological questionings to the neglect of his
dissection, and that careful observation of form and mutual position
which is the essential object of dissection. On the other hand, it is
equally necessary-- perhaps more so-- to warn students against the
bookish fallacy, and to assure them of the absolute impossibility of
realizing biological facts from reading alone. Practical work can alone
confirm and complete the knowledge to which the text-book is the
guide. In scientific teaching it may sometimes be convenient for the
thought to precede the thing, but until the thing has been dealt with
the knowledge gained is an unsatisfactory and unstable possession.

For such dissection as the subject-matter of this book requires, the
following appliances will be needed:--

(a) Two or three scalpels of various sizes.

(b) Scissors, which must taper gradually, have straight blades, and
be pointed at