g society from above rather
than emerging from below, has no affinity with science, whatever
personal solace and comfort it may provide, for it assumes that the
facts of life, including the material facts of the world, can be
compassed within a rigidly prescribed framework. It has taken several
centuries of history for the scientific movement to be emancipated from
just these cramping human assumptions. The writings of many scientists
show, alas, that the emancipation has not yet been completed.

J. B. S. HALDANE

We know very little about what may be called the geography of the
invisible world. The religions, if I may continue the metaphor, have
covered the vacant spaces of its map with imaginary monsters; the
philosophies have ruled them with equally imaginary parallels of
latitude. But both have affirmed, in opposition to the so-called
practical man, that the meaning of the visible world is to be found in
the invisible. That has been the secret of their success. They have
failed when they tried either to describe the details of the visible
world or to dictate the details of conduct in it. The churches are half
empty today because their creeds are full of obsolete science, and their
ethical codes are suited to a social organization far simpler than that
of today.

HOWARD W. HAGGARD, M. D.

When in the fifth century the Roman Empire fell at the hands of the
barbarians, rational medicine ceased altogether in Europe. Although the
Christian religion survived, the Christian theology of that time denied
liberty of conscience and taught superstitions and dogma. It was
bitterly hostile to the scientific spirit. All knowledge necessary to
man's salvation, physical as well as spiritual, was to be found in the
Bible as the Church interpreted the Bible. Since the teachings of the
Church were supposed to be sufficient for all needs, there was no excuse
for observations and experimental investigations. The inquisitive spirit
was wholly suppressed, the rigorous methods of Greek logic were for many
centuries lost from European civilization, and intelligent thought was
replaced by revelation, speculation, tradition, and subservience to the
written word of the Bible, to the writings of saints, and later, in
medical matters, to the work of Galen. The theological beliefs of the
time became the controlling influence in Western civilization.

HARRY ELMER BARNES

There has never been any religious crisis of this kind before, an