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almost any antique buffet, cupboard or wardrobe, and its use has now become hopelessly confused. In architecture, this term is also used for a dwarf-wall of plain masonry, carrying the roof of a cathedral or church and masked or hidden behind the balustrade. BA[H.]YA, IBN PAQUDA, a Jewish ethical writer who flourished at Saragossa in the 11th century. In 1040 he wrote in Arabic a treatise, _Duties of the Heart_. This book was one of the most significant and influential Jewish works of the middle ages. Ba[h.]ya portrays an intensely spiritual conception of religion, and rises at times to great heights of impassioned mysticism. [v.03 p.0214] The Law, in the rabbinical sense, was reverenced by Ba[h.]ya, and he converted it into part and parcel of the Jew's inner life. The book is divided into ten parts:--the Unity of God; Contemplation; Worship; Trust; Consecration; Humility; Repentance; Self-Examination; the Ascetic Life; the Love of God. Some selections from Ba[h.]ya's work have been rendered into English by E. Collins. (I. A.) BAIAE, an ancient city of Campania, Italy, 10 m. W. of Neapolis, on the _Sinus Baianus_, a bay on the W. coast of the Gulf of Puteoli. It is said to derive its name from [Greek: Baios], the helmsman of Ulysses, whose grave was shown there; it was originally, perhaps, the harbour of Cumae. It was principally famous, however, for its warm sulphur springs, remarkable for their variety and curative properties (Pliny, _Hist. Nat_ xxxi. 4), its mild climate, and its luxuriant vegetation (though in summer there was some malaria in the low ground). It was already frequented, especially by the rich, at the end of the republican period; and in Strabo's day it was as large as Puteoli. Julius Caesar possessed a villa here, the remains of which are probably to be recognized in some large substructures on the ridge above the 16th-century castle. Baiae was a favourite residence of the emperors. Nero built a huge villa probably on the site now occupied by the castle. Hadrian died in Caesar's villa in A.D. 138, and Alexander Severus erected large buildings for his mother. Baiae never became, however, an independent town, but formed part of the territory of Cumae. Three glass vases with views of the coast and its buildings were published by H. Jordan in _Archaeologische Zeitung_ (1868, 91). The luxury and immorality of the life of Baiae under both the republic and the empire are frequently spoken of by a
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