s a child, with some of the lower animals, have proven
most valuable aids in answering scientific problems
encountered in later years.

In 1883 he entered the preparatory department of Fisk
University, and after three years of study was admitted to
college.

He began teaching in the public schools of his native state
at the age of twelve. By teaching during his summer
vacations, and by obtaining state scholarships through
competitive examinations, he secured the larger portion of
the means necessary for his support in college. He graduated
from the classical course of Fisk University in 1890,
receiving the degree of A. B. From 1890 to 1891 he was a
member of the Fisk University Jubilee Singers, who raised
funds for the building of the Fisk Theological Seminary. In
this company it was his duty aside from singing, to present
the needs of the school. This he did with much eloquence and
his appeals were always answered by liberal contributions.

In 1892 he received the degree A. M. from his alma mater for
special work done in Natural Philosophy, Latin and German.

On October 1, 1896, he matriculated in the Graduate
Department of Central Tennessee College (now Walden
University), having spent the two preceding summers in
resident work along the lines indicated by his courses of
study in the institution. He selected courses leading to the
degree of Doctor of Science.

He has been chiefly engaged in educational work and has held
the following positions: Instructor in Mathematics and
Music, Alcorn A. & M. College, Westside, Miss., two years;
Professor of Natural Sciences, five years, and
Vice-President two years in the State N. & I. College,
Tallahassee, Fla. He at present occupies the chair of
Natural Philosophy and General, Analytical and Industrial
Chemistry in the Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Ala.

He is a member of the American Ornithologists Union, the
Michigan Ornithological Club, a Vice-president of the
Florida Audubon Society, and a Fellow of the American Negro
Academy. He is considered an authority in Biology and
Chemistry.

As soon as the clouds of the Civil War had cleared from our country
and the Negro had become a free man, the question immediately
presented itself as to how he could be made worthy of citizenship an