way
and a wrong way. That is all we need think about.--CARLYLE to FROUDE,
Longman's Magazine, December 1892, 151. As to History, it is full of
indirect but very effective moral teaching. It is not only, as
Bolingbroke called it, "Philosophy teaching by examples," but it is
morality teaching by examples.--It is essentially the study which best
helps the student to conceive large thoughts.--It is impossible to
overvalue the moral teaching of History.--FITCH, Lectures on Teaching,
432. Judging from the past history of our race, in ninety-nine cases
out of a hundred, war is a folly and a crime. Where it is so, it is
the saddest and the wildest of all follies, and the most heinous of
all crimes.--GREG, Essays on Political and Social Science, 1853,
i. 562. La volonte de tout un peuple ne peut rendre juste ce qui est
injuste: les representants d'une nation n'ont pas le droit de faire
ce que la nation n'a pas le droit de faire elle-meme.--B. CONSTANT,
Principes de Politique, i. 15.

#103 Think not that morality is ambulatory; that vices in one age are
not vices in another, or that virtues, which are under the everlasting
seal of right reason, may be stamped by opinion.--SIR THOMAS BROWNE,
Works, iv. 64.

#104 Osons croire qu'il seroit plus a propos de mettre de cote ces
traditions, ces usages, et ces coutumes souvent si imparfaites, si
contradictoires, si incoherentes, ou de ne les consulter que pour
saisir les inconveniens et les eviter; et qu'il faudroit chercher
non-seulement les elements d'une nouvelle legislation, mais meme ses
derniers details dans une etude approfondie de la morale.--LETROSNE,
Reflexions sur la Legislation Criminelle, 137. M. Renan appartient a
cette famille d'esprits qui ne croient pas en realite la raison, la
conscience, le droit applicables a la direction des societes humaines,
et qui demandent a l'histoire, a la tradition, non a la morale, les
regles de la politique. Ces esprits sont atteints de la maladie du
siecle, le scepticisme moral.--PILLON, Critique Philosophique, i. 49.

#105 The subject of modern History is of all others, to my mind, the
most interesting, inasmuch as it includes all questions of the deepest
interest relating not to human things only, but to divine.--ARNOLD,
Modern History, 311.

I

BEGINNING OF THE MODERN STATE

MODERN HISTORY tells how the last four hundred years have
modified the medieval conditions of life and thought. In
comparison with them, the M