eat thickness. Dykes and intrusive sheets, most of which end at the
folded belt, are also numerous. The age of the intrusive sheets met with
in the Beaufort series is usually attributed to the Stormberg period.
They form the kopjes, or characteristic flat-topped hills of the Great
Karroo. The Stormberg series contains the remains of numerous reptiles.
A true crocodile, _Notochampsa_, has been discovered in the Red Beds and
Cave Sandstone. Among the plants, _Thinnfeldia_ and _Taeniopteris_ are
common. Three genera of fossil fishes, _Cleithrolepis, Semionotus_ and
_Ceratodus_, ascend from the Beaufort series into the Cave Sandstone.

Cretaceous rocks occur only near the coast. The plants of the Uitenhage
beds bear a close resemblance to those of the Wealden. The marine fauna
of Sunday river indicates a Neocomian age. The chief genera are
_Hamites, Baculites, Crioceras, Olcostephanus_ and certain _Trigoniae_.

The superficial post-Cretaceous and Recent deposits are widely spread.
High-level gravels occur from 600 to 2000 ft. above the sea. The remains
of a gigantic ox, _Bubalus Baini_, have been obtained from the alluvium
near the Modder river. The recent deposits indicate that the land has
risen for a long period. (W. G.*)

_Fauna._--The fauna is very varied, but some of the wild animals common
in the early days of the colony have been exterminated (e.g. quagga and
blaauwbok), and others (e.g. the lion, rhinoceros, giraffe) driven
beyond the confines of the Cape. Other game have been so reduced in
numbers as to require special protection. This class includes the
elephant (now found only in the Knysna and neighbouring forest regions),
buffalo and zebra (strictly preserved, and confined to much the same
regions as the elephant), eland, oribi, koodoo, haartebeest and other
kinds of antelope and gnu. The leopard is not protected, but lingers in
the mountainous districts. Cheetahs are also found, including a rare
woolly variety peculiar to the Karroo. Both the leopards and cheetahs
are commonly spoken of in South Africa as tigers. Other carnivora more
or less common to the colony are the spotted hyena, aard-wolf (or
_Proteles_), silver jackal, the _Otocyon_ or Cape wild dog, and various
kinds of wild cats. Of ungulata, besides a few hundreds of rare
varieties, there are the springbuck, of which great herds still wander
on the open veld, the steinbok, a small and beautiful animal which is
sometimes coursed like a hare, the