t of packing is slightly more or less than fifteen cents a
barrel. If your apples are scattered, more; if near together, less.

Dr. G. Bohrer: Would it not pay better to work them [the culls] into
cider and vinegar?

Edwin Taylor: No, sir. I had rather they would rot on the ground than be
made into cider.

A Member: Our second grade brought forty cents a crate; the best, sixty
cents. It pays me best to mix them. I ship to Kansas City, and they
handle my fruit with success.

H. L. Ferris: This year I sent a Minnesota man a car load of very small
Winesap and Missouri Pippin apples, such as we use for making cider, in
exchange for potatoes. I sold part of the potatoes at seventy-five cents
and eighty cents, and some are in the cellar.

Geo. Van Houten: In our state [Iowa] we are most successful in handling
apples in barrels. For a small trade, bushel boxes made of light
material may serve better. Many car-loads are sent out in eight-pound
baskets.

HOGS IN THE ORCHARD.

Question: _Does swine grazing injure orchards?_

J. W. Robison: Not if the hogs are kept out of it. It is death to an
orchard to let hogs in. To let them rub against the trees closes the
pores, and growth ceases. We notice in the newspapers that fish oil,
axle grease, etc., keep off rabbits. I tried using axle grease two
years. You could see the mark around where the oil had been, and note
where growth had stopped below this mark. By washing this with soap, we
were enabled to get the trees to grow again. Hogs, as I stated before,
will, by rubbing, close the pores. The tramping hardens the soil and
shuts out any percolation of water into it. As well plant a tree in the
middle of the road as where hogs have been. They, of all animals, tramp
the ground the hardest.

Samuel Reynolds: Would pigs injure the soil?

T. A. Stanley: I have had experience in this, yet, while I do not know
anything about the gentleman's land packing, I believe it benefits some
orchards to run hogs in them. I tried it on an orchard that had ceased
bearing. I inclosed the orchard and put hogs in for a year or more. New
growth started on the trees, and they at once began to bear, and bore
for several years after I took the hogs out. I could see no injury
caused by their rubbing the trees. I do not think they will rub the
trees if the orchard is large. I do not see what injury they do. After
the apples grew large enough, if wormy they fell, and the hogs ate the
apples and th