uropean country by
Socialists protesting against their government's declarations of
war, and mobilizations for war. And we know that these
demonstrations were rendered impotent by the complete surrender of
the Socialist parliamentary leaders and the official Socialist
press, with their 'justification' of 'defensive wars' and the
safeguarding of 'democracy.'

"Why the sudden change of front? Why did the Socialist leaders in
the parliaments of the belligerents vote the war credits? Why did
not Moderate Socialism carry out the policy of the Basle Manifesto,
namely; the converting of an imperialistic war into a civil
war--into a proletarian revolution? Why did it either openly favor
the war or adopt a policy of petty-bourgeois pacifism?"

At the conclusion of the World War Socialists and representatives of
labor from many countries met at Berne, Switzerland, in what was known
as the Berne Conference. This international Socialist conference was
comparatively moderate in tendencies, while another Socialist congress,
held shortly before it in Bolshevist Moscow, was far more radical.

J. Ramsay MacDonald, commenting upon the Berne Conference in "Glasgow
Forward," in the spring of 1919, said:

"It declined to condemn the Bolshevists and declined to say that
their revolution was Socialism....

"Moscow seems to be more thorough than Berne, though as a matter of
fact Berne was far more thorough than Moscow. There is a glamour
and a halo about Moscow; but there are substance and permanence
about Berne.

"That blessed word 'Soviet' has become a shibboleth. But Berne did
not say anything about it. It declared its continuing belief in
democracy and in representative institutions. I hope that the
Soviet is not contrary to democracy; I know that it is a
representative institution. But I know more. I know that beyond its
primary stage it is a system of indirect representation--the
representation of representatives--and that a few years ago there
was not a single Socialist in the country that would have accepted
such a form of representative government. For Socialists to pretend
to prefer that system to one of direct responsibility is a mere
pose.

"Therefore, two Internationals will be the worst thing that could
happen to the revolutions now going on and to the general
Soc