the 12th and 13th of July. The Palais-Royal, "through its
spokesmen and pamphlets," has made everybody and even the soldiers
"philosophers." It is the house of patriotism, "the rendezvous of the
select among the patriotic," whether provincials or Parisians, of all
who possess the right of suffrage, and who cannot or will not exercise
it in their own district. "It saves time to come to the Palais-Royal.
There is no need there of appealing to the President for the right to
speak, or to wait one's time for a couple of hours. The orator proposes
his motion, and, if it finds supporters, mounts a chair. If he is
applauded, it is put into proper shape. If he is hissed, he goes away.
This was the way of the Romans." Behold the veritable National Assembly!
It is superior to the other semi-feudal affair, encumbered with "six
hundred deputies of the clergy and nobility," who are so many intruders
and who "should be sent out into the galleries."--Hence the pure
Assembly rules the impure Assembly, and "the Cafe Foy lays claim to the
government of France."

IV.--Intervention by the popular leaders with the Government.

Their pressure on the Assembly.

On the 30th of July, the harlequin who led the insurrection at Rouen
having been arrested, "it is openly proposed at the Palais Royal[1422]
to go in a body and demand his release."--On the 1st of August, Thouret,
whom the moderate party of the Assembly have just made President, is
obliged to resign; the Palais-Royal threatens to send a band and murder
him along with those who voted for him, and lists of proscriptions,
in which several of the deputies are inscribed, begin to be
circulated.--From this time forth, on all great questions-the abolition
of the feudal system, the suppression of tithes, a declaration of the
rights of man, the dispute about the Chambers, the King's power of
veto,[1423] the pressure from without inclines the balance: in this
way the Declaration of Rights, which is rejected in secret session by
twenty-eight bureaus out of thirty, is forced through by the tribunes in
a public sitting and passed by a majority.--Just as before the 14th of
July, and to a still greater extent, two kinds of compulsion influence
the votes, and it is always the ruling faction which employs both its
hands to throttle its opponents. On the one hand this faction takes post
on the galleries in knots composed nearly always of the same persons,
"five or six hundred permanent actors