or Spanish "J."
" " J " " the English letter Y. Thus Paroloj is
sounded Paroloy.
" " JX " " the French J in Bijou or the S in the
English word Pleasure.
" " S " " in Sun; never as in Rose
(Rozo in Esperanto).
" " SX " " in She.

* * *

The English letters Q, W, X and Y do not exist in Esperanto.

The letter UX is only found in diphthongs--Baldaux is sounded
Bahldow.

The one remaining point to be mentioned is that "AJ" is the same as
in By. "OJ" as in Boy.

ALL NOUNS end in O in the nominative singular. Birdo, a bird.

When the direct object to a verb, an N is added to this O. Mi havas
birdon, I have a bird.

All nouns form the PLURAL by adding J to the singular. Birdoj, birds.
If objective, birdojn.

All ADJECTIVES end in A and agree with the noun in number and case.
Mi havas belajn birdojn, I have beautiful birds.

* * *

The INFINITIVES of VERBS always end in I. Lerni, to learn. Pensi, to
think.

PRESENT INDICATIVES end in AS in all persons singular and plural. Mi
iras, I go. Ili iras, they go.

PAST INDICATIVES end in IS in all persons singular and plural. Mi
iris, I went. Ni iris, we went.

FUTURE INDICATIVES end in OS in all persons singular and plural. Sxi
iros, she will go.

CONDITIONAL MOOD ends in US in all persons singular and plural. Li
irus, he would go.

IMPERATIVE MOOD ends in U. Parolu! speak! Iru! go!

SUBJUNCTIVES are formed by using "KE" and the Imperative. Ke mi iru,
that I might go.

The PRESENT PARTICIPLE ACTIVE ends in ANTA--Iranta, going. In the
Passive voice in ATA--Farata, being done.

PAST PARTICIPLE ACTIVE ends in INTA--Irinta, having gone. In the
Passive voice in ITA--Farita, having been done.

FUTURE PARTICIPLE ACTIVE ends in ONTA--Ironta, about to go. In the
Passive voice in OTA--Farota, about to be done.

ADVERBS end in E--Bone, well. Bele, beautifully.

* * *

1. The DEFINITE ARTICLE is invariably LA in all cases singular and
plural. La Patroj, the Fathers.

2. There is no indefinite article in Esperanto. Patro, a Father; or
merely Father, as the case may be.

3. "NOT" is expressed by "NE." Mi ne havas amikon, I have not a
friend.

4. Questions are introduced by "Cxu." Cxu mi ne havas amikon? Have I
not a friend?

5. ESTI, to be, is the auxxiliary verb in