ide Adrianople, were of
Creuzot make, and included 24 howitzers of 15 cm. and some mortars of 24
cm. As for the aviation wing, there was none.

The Serbian army was under the superior command of the Chief of the
General Staff, Voivode (Field Marshal) Putnik. Unlike his younger
colleagues, his military education was entirely a home product; he had
never studied abroad. His father was one of those Serbs born on Austrian
soil; he had emigrated from Hungary to Serbia in the early forties where
he had followed the vocation of school-teacher. In 1847 the future
general was born. After passing through the elementary schools, young
Putnik entered the military academy at Belgrade. He had already attained
a commission when the war of 1876 with Turkey broke out, through which
he served as a captain of infantry. His next experience was in the
unfortunate war with Bulgaria, in 1885, in which the Serbians were
beaten after a three days' battle. At the outbreak of the war with
Turkey, in 1912, General Putnik was made head of the army and received
the grade of voivode (field marshal), being the first Serbian to enjoy
that distinction. The grade of field marshal was created in the Serbian
army during the First Balkan War.

With him worked Colonel Pavlovitch, the son of a farmer, who had won a
series of scholarships, enabling him to study in Berlin. He had directed
the military operations in the field against Turkey and Bulgaria, and he
was to do the same thing under his old chief against the Austrians.

CHAPTER XLVII

AUSTRIA'S STRENGTH AND STRATEGY

Let us now review the Austrian forces that participated in the invasions
of Serbia. In number they were practically unlimited, at least they far
outnumbered the Serbian forces that met them in the field. Their
armament was of the best and their equipment as complete as boundless
resources could make it. They were, however, partly made up of the
peoples of the Slavic provinces of Austria--Bohemians, Croatians,
Dalmatians, and Bosnians. Naturally there could be but little enthusiasm
in their attacks on their brother Slavs, and while there are many mutual
animosities between these various branches of the Slavic race, such
feelings are, at any rate, secondary to the general dislike of the
"Schwabs," as the German-Austrians are called, and the Magyars. Possibly
this had much to do with the Austrian defeats. The Hungarian, or
Magyar, regiments were probably in the majority. But the M