if not able to work they were sent to a
Government Sanatorium.

The Department of Health had charge of the sewerage system in every
district, city as well as country. In the cities it supervised the
erection of every new building, and any old buildings that it
pronounced unsanitary had to be torn down. It saw also to the removal
of all garbage and refuse material. The Department of Health had charge
of all births, marriages and deaths, and could order the cremation of
any dead body when it believed that it would be to the benefit of the
health of the community to do so. The Department of Health was also
required by law to make a physical examination of children when they
were born and to take care of them if the mother was unable to do so
and to send all illegitimate children to the Government Orphan College.
It superintended the sale of all medicine and drugs, having a
Government physician at every Government warehouse where they were
sold. It had also charge of all idiots and insane persons as well as
dangerous criminals.

The Superintendent and two Assistant Superintendents of the lunatic
asylums (of which there were only two, one for males and one for
females) were required by law to castrate male lunatics and emasculate
females who had become insane through masturbation or other vicious
habits and to chloroform dangerous lunatics who had homicidal
tendencies. Those three physicians in committee examined every
dangerous lunatic and two of them could order the person chloroformed
if in their judgment it was necessary. Lady physicians had charge of
the female lunatic asylum with the same authority as the men. The two
asylums were located in the center of a fine tract of farming land in
the Southern part of Eurasia, consisting of ninety-two thousand one
hundred and sixty acres in a high state of cultivation with flourishing
orchards and vineyards, and at the time I visited it had a population
of sixty thousand male inmates and thirty-five thousand female
inmates-besides the officers and guards.

The mildest and most tractable of the inmates were in communities
organized in military style in different parts of the grounds and were
busily employed in doing everything that was required to make the
institution self-sustaining. The physicians of the State prisons were
required by law after one year's imprisonment (one year after sentence
was passed was allowed to prove innocence) to castrate all males
convicted of rape